Sodium Evaporation for Stabilization of P2 Layered Oxide Electrodes in Na-Ion Batteries
Maider Zarrabeitia a, Begoña Acebedo b, Miguel Ángel Muñoz Márquez c
a Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
b Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energy (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria- Gasteiz, Spain.
c International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
Proceedings of MATSUS Fall 2025 Conference (MATSUSFall25)
C1 Emerging sustainable battery technologies: advances in electrode, electrolyte and interf(ph)ase design - #SusBat
València, Spain, 2025 October 20th - 24th
Organizers: Nuria Tapia Ruiz and Maider Zarrabeitia
Invited Speaker, Miguel Ángel Muñoz Márquez, presentation 320
Publication date: 21st July 2025

Boosted after their commercialization in 2023, Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are well positioned to become the energy storage system of choice for stationary applications and complementary to Li-ion in electromobility. This is a sustainable and low-cost technology that does not rely on critical raw materials and guarantees widespread availability free of geopolitical constraints, hence avoiding most of the drawbacks of lithium-based technology. However, SIBs energy density has not yet reached the performance levels of LiFePO4-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), partially hindering their application in other sectors. One of the most promising cathode materials, namely the P2-type layered oxides, is affected by irreversible sodium consumption during solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and low sodiation degree: about 2/3. These two factors are the main drawbacks behind SIB’s underperformance. Solutions to these problems have been attempted with limited success and significantly hindering the fabrication cost of Na-based cells. We had a look at quick and low-cost metallization processes used in low value products, such as candy wrapping, to develop a scalable and cost-effective sodiation process based on Na thermal evaporation. This method solves the incomplete sodiation degree of P2-type sodium layered oxides, thus overcoming the first irreversible capacity as demonstrated by manufacturing and testing all solid-state Na doped-Na~1Mn0.8Fe0.1Ti0.1O2ǀǀPEO-based polymer electrolyteǀǀNa full cells. This polymer has proven to be suitable for other cell configurations with sodium-deficient electroactive materials that will be presented here. The proposed sodium physical vapor deposition method opens the door for an easily scalable and cost-efficient strategy to incorporate any metal deficiency in the battery materials, pushing further the battery development.

BMBF Transition transferproject (FZK 03XP0533).

NGS-New Generation Storage (C644936001-00000045) with funding from the European Union NextGenerationEU (PRR).

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