Publication date: 21st July 2025
Multivalent battery technologies may alleviate some inherent problems connected with resources and value chains of energy storage solutions. If based on metal anodes they may also improve performance – this is especially the case for calcium batteries that also have the promise of high cell voltages. However, the layers that form at calcium metal anodes in contact with electrolytes are problematic as they in general are very stable and do not allow for any fast ion transport. In addition, the divalent Ca2+ keeps a very stable first solvation shell, making de-solvation at the very electrolyte/electrode interface problematic. Here we highlight a number of different routes to possibly overcome these problems by careful design of the electrolyte, including concepts beyond liquid electrolytes and use of organic cathodes [1-5].
References:
- “Local structure and entropic stabilization of Ca-based molten salt electrolytes”, J. Timhagen, C. Cruz, J. Weidow and P. Johansson, Batteries & Supercaps, 2024, e202400297.
- “Local structure and dynamics in solvent-free molten salt Ca2+-electrolytes”, C. Cruz-Cardona and P. Johansson, ChemPhysChem, 2025, e202500090.
- “Effects of fluorinated additives in molten salt electrolytes for calcium batteries”, C. Cruz-Cardona and P. Johansson, Batteries & Supercaps, 2025, e202500239.
- “Solvent-Mediated Electrolyte Design for Calcium Metal Batteries”, Z. Slim, C. Cruz-Cardona, C. Pechberty, T, Hosaka, Z. Mandić, V. Panic, and P. Johansson, submitted.
- “Electrochemistry of Calcium Metal Electrodes in Three Different Electrolytes”, G. Mihalinec, A. Bafti, K. Kvastek, P. Johansson and Z. Mandić, submitted.
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