Publication date: 21st July 2025
Metal halide perovskite solar cells have gained significant attention over the last decade due to their low-cost fabrication methods and high efficiency potential. Typically, perovskite films are prepared by solution-based deposition techniques, which offer short deposition times and a broad range of compositions.1 However, achieving conformal coverage of textured surfaces, highly relevant for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells,2 or compositional gradients in the absorber material, to achieve graded Fermi levels,3 can be challenging with these techniques. These limitations can be overcome by co-evaporating the perovskite precursor materials.
Our work focuses on the vacuum-based preparation of perovskite absorbers with a band gap of about 1.68 eV, optimized for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. We show how the choice of hole-transporting material affects the composition of perovskite films in p-i-n solar cells. Our findings reveal that perovskites co-evaporated on spin-coated [2-(3,6-Dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz) contain a significantly smaller amount of FAI if the MeO-2PACz layer is washed with ethanol before the perovskite deposition. The reduced FAI content leads to a different morphology and alters the bromine to iodine ratio, impacting the solar cell performance and the band gap of the films.
We use two approaches, namely “seed layers” 4 and “loaded hole transport layers” 5, for tuning co-evaporated perovskite films through modifying the initial growth stage, yielding larger process windows, reduced sensitivity to substrate properties and improved process stability.
We study how the perovskite composition differs between planar and textured surfaces with random pyramids on silicon heterojunction bottom cells. Finally, fully textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with ~30% PCE (certified) are demonstrated.
Our results illustrate multiple factors influencing the perovskite growth and highlight the potential of co-evaporation processes for the preparation of efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells on textured substrates.
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