Publication date: 21st July 2025
Fully printed flexible perovskite solar modules (f-PSMs) offer strong potential for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics (PV) due to their compatibility with roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing. However, challenges remain in suppressing interfacial recombination losses and improving the mechanical reliability of microcrystalline perovskite films, leading to significant efficiency losses in large-scale production. Here, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are employed to modify or replace SnO₂, effectively reducing interfacial energy barriers and recombination losses. The resulting flexible devices achieve a PCE of 17.0% with negligible hysteresis, retain 95% of initial efficiency after 3000 bending cycles, and exhibit a T₉₅ lifetime of 1200 hours under 1 sun at 65 °C. Furthermore, thiol vapor annealing is introduced to treat freshly printed perovskite films in a fully R2R process. Thiol molecules facilitate solvent removal, passivate under-coordinated Pb²⁺ ions, and promote grain growth, relieving lattice strain and enhancing mechanical resilience. Treated films show reduced modulus, increased fracture toughness, and minimal cracking, with devices retaining 93% efficiency after 25000 bending cycles. This process also improves film uniformity and interfacial contact, yielding record PCEs of 12.1% (20.25 cm²) and 10.1% (100 cm²) for fully R2R-printed f-PSMs.
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