Publication date: 21st July 2025
The force-flux relationship is a cornerstone of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and serves as the foundation for understanding how mass, heat, and charge are transported under external gradients. According to the Onsager reciprocal relations, these transport processes are governed by linear relationships between generalized fluxes (such as particle current or heat flow) and their conjugate forces (such as chemical potential, temperature, or electrical potential gradients). Importantly, these relations also account for cross-coupling effects—for example, how a voltage gradient can drive not only charge flow but also mass transport via ion migration. In this presentation, I will examine ion transport specifically under an applied voltage gradient and show how its behavior critically depends on the diffusion medium. I will focus in particular on layered materials with van der Waals (vdW) gaps, where ions can move through channels with minimal steric hindrance and low diffusion barriers. These unique structural characteristics enable directional, selective, and tunable ion transport. Such materials are especially promising for next-generation technologies: in semiconductors, they can be used for ion-based memory or neuromorphic devices; in metallic systems, for reconfigurable interconnects or electrochemical switching; and in insulators, for ultra-thin membranes that achieve ion sieving with high selectivity and low energy cost. Through this exploration, I aim to highlight the deep interplay between transport theory and material design in developing functional ion-based devices.
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