Publication date: 21st July 2025
Lead-Sn (Pb-Sn) perovskites are highly promising for single and tandem solar cells owing to their reduced toxicity and narrower bandgap. However, achieving high-quality films remains a challenge due to the rapid crystallization and self-doping of tin, especially under scalable fabrication techniques. Here, we present a scalable two-step blade coating technique involving solvent and spacer engineering to enhance Pb-Sn perovskite crystallization. In the second step, a mixed solvent system of isopropanol and 2-methyl-2-butanol was employed to facilitate precursor diffusion and promote complete conversion to perovskite. Introducing organic spacers such as phenylethylammonium (PEA) is an effective strategy to enhance passivation of grain boundaries and improve stability by forming low-dimensional/3D hybrid structures. This approach enabled power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 16% with good operational stability.[1] In this work we show that organic cations based on the thiophene moiety can reach PCE of 17.7%. Our results demonstrate substantial improvements in both efficiency and stability, marking a significant step toward the industrial-scale fabrication of high-performance Pb–Sn perovskite solar cells.
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