Publication date: 21st July 2025
The urgent transition to sustainable energy demands versatile, low-cost electrocatalysts capable of driving both water splitting (HER/OER) and CO₂ reduction (CO₂RR). However, most high-performance systems rely on scarce noble metals or require separate catalysts for each reaction, limiting their scalability and economic viability. Two-dimensional MXenes offer metallic conductivity, tuneable surface terminations (–O, –OH, –F), and a high density of accessible active sites, making them an ideal platform to host earth-abundant catalytic species. In this work, we develop and compare several functionalization MXenes with non-precious metals and oxides. Each hybrid catalyst is synthesized using standard laboratory equipment and optimized to achieve intimate metal–MXene interfaces. Comprehensive structural (XRD, TEM/SEM), surface (XPS, Raman), and in‑situ spectroscopic analyses elucidate the nature of active species under operating conditions. Electrochemical evaluation reveals low overpotentials (<200 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² for HER/OER), rapid kinetics (Tafel slopes <60 mV dec⁻¹) and sustained durability (>24 h at 100 mA cm⁻²), while CO₂RR tests in KHCO₃ electrolytes demonstrate high Faradaic efficiencies toward CO, C₂ products or formate, depending on the metal composition. By bridging the gap between earth-abundant materials and multifunctional performance, this study establishes a modular MXene–metal hybrid platform for scalable, bifunctional energy conversion, paving the way for integrated electrolyzer designs and circular carbon technologies.
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