Publication date: 21st July 2025
Balancing light transmittance and power conversion efficiency (PCE) remains a major challenge for semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs), particularly for applications in building integration and agrivoltaics. In this work, dielectric–metal–dielectric (DMD) electrodes based on WO3/Ag/WO3 as a high-performance alternative to conventional semi-transparent gold (Au) contacts were integrated into bromide-rich formamidinium lead halide perovskites, with a systematic study across halide compositions from pure bromide to pure iodide. The DMD electrodes consistently enhanced photovoltaic performance and optical quality, achieving an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 43.63%, light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.05%, and a PCE of 7% for FAPbBr3-based cells. An optimal composition with 47% bromide yielded a balanced performance with 24% of average visible transmittance (AVT), 2.12% LUE and B9% PCE. Rather than simply increasing bromide content to widen the bandgap and enhance transparency, this study shows that there is an optimal spectral alignment that maximizes transmittance, photocurrent extraction and color. In addition, replacing Au with WO3/Ag/WO3 significantly reduces the environmental footprint, as confirmed by life cycle assessment. This study highlights a photonic design approach to advancing efficient, sustainable, and visually appealing ST-PSCs for next-generation energy applications.
This work was supported by Ministry of University and Research (MUR)’’ through the program ‘‘Project PON ARS01_ 01137 SE4I—Smart Energy Efficiency & Environment for Industry’’, by Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033/under Project ConFLEX (PID2023- 151880OB-C33). O. S. acknowledges financial support from Comunidad Valenciana through the program GRISOLIA (CIGRIS/ 2022/122). E. M. B. acknowledges financial support from UJI with the project UJI-B2022-08-EPCESBI. S. M. acknowledges financial support from UJI with the project UJI-2023-01. The authors thank ’Servei Central d’Instrumentacio´ Cientı´fica (SCIC) de la Universitat Jaume I.
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