Publication date: 21st July 2025
Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) play an essential role in display and photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The rapid growth of these technologies puts a strain on the already scarce supply of indium, a key component in the fabrication of indium tin oxide (ITO), which is the most prominent TCO in this field due to its favorable optical transparency and electrical conductivity. In a previous work we demonstrated pulsed laser deposition of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) as an indium-free alternative TCO with comparable device performance as ITO in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as both bottom and top electrodes.[1] Here, we present a wet-chemical approach to modify the surface of the bottom AZO electrode prior to device fabrication, translating to an increased short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) in the PSCs. By exposing the AZO films to a solution of NH4OH the surface is etched and the resulting microstructured surface leads to less reflective losses in the PSC devices. This is supported by optical and electrical characterization of the pristine and hazy AZO films, as well as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy and full device characterization. We demonstrate that minimizing the reflective losses in the PSCs are the main contributor to the improved Jsc and Voc. As such, a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.1% is obtained for the PSC with HAZO, compared to 18.1% when pristine AZO is used.
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