Publication date: 21st July 2025
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved impressive efficiencies, their commercialization is still limited by poor long-term stability against air, moisture, and thermal stress. Various approaches, including additive engineering and defect passivation, have been explored to address these challenges.(1-2) In this study, we investigate the use of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and potassium borohydride (KBH₄) as reducing additives in perovskite precursor solutions. Both compounds enhance film quality by improving crystallinity, enlarging grain size, and reducing non-radiative recombination through defect passivation. NaBH₄, owing to its stronger reducing power and stable Na⁺ incorporation, is particularly effective in suppressing iodide oxidation and ion migration, resulting in superior film stability. (3-4)Devices incorporating NaBH₄ achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.1% and demonstrated long-term operational stability exceeding 900 hours under ambient conditions, compared to 18.7% for KBH₄-based devices. These results demonstrate that reductive additives not only stabilize precursor solutions and suppress I₂ formation but also enhance the structural and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films, offering a practical route to more efficient, stable, and reproducible PSCs.
T.D.P. acknowledges grant PREP2022-000274, part of PID2022-141683NB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF – Investing in your future” S.H.T.C. gratefully acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain through the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2022-035578-I) and the POLONEZ BIS project No. 2021/43/P/ST5/01780, co-funded by the National Science Centre and the EU’s Horizon 2020 program (MSCA 945339). E.M.B.B. acknowledges financial support from project EPCESBI - UJI-B2022-08.
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