Publication date: 21st July 2025
Over the past fifteen years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a remarkable rise in power conversion efficiency (PCE), with laboratory prototypes now rivaling the best-performing silicon cells.[1] Despite this progress, their limited long-term stability remains a major barrier to large-scale commercialization.
In this work, we present a comprehensive, continuous (24/7) operando monitoring of vapor-deposited PSCs. By combining multiple diagnostic techniques in parallel—photoluminescence (PL), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), current–voltage measurements (J–V curves), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)—we simultaneously track changes in device efficiency, optoelectronic properties, and crystallographic structure.
Furthermore, we present a new technique - the EIS modulated photoluminescence (EISmodPL), combining the sensitivity of PL to carrier dynamics with the ability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to probe charge transport and interfacial processes. This hybrid approach enables simultaneous insight into electronic recombination pathways and ionic/electronic coupling in perovskite solar cells, offering a more complete picture of their stability and performance.
Our long-term experiments, performed under outdoor-relevant conditions (one-sun illumination, 85 °C device temperature, and controlled atmosphere), provide direct insight into the degradation pathways of PSCs. To the best of our knowledge, such an integrated operando characterization approach is unprecedented and may play a crucial role in guiding future strategies to enhance both efficiency and stability.
We acknowledge the support from the following grants – IMPULZ (IM-2023-82), APVV-21-0297, 2023/727/PVKSC, and OSCARS AI-SCOPE.
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