Publication date: 15th December 2025
Thin film solid-state batteries (TFSSB) can act as model system to enable mechanistic insights into battery materials, which would often be obscured by additives and complex microstructure in composite electrodes. TFSSBs use pure materials, have well-defined geometry (parallel layers of known thickness and area) and compact size.1,2 Their architecture also allows for relatively easy investigations of buried interfaces that would be challenging to measure in bulk cells that have multi-phase components with often random structure.3
Transition-metal fluorides (TMFs) represent a promising class of high-energy cathodes but remain poorly understood due to their complex reaction pathways and instability in conventional liquid electrolyte cells. Using co-evaporated TM–LiF heterostructures with LiPON solid-state electrolyte, we systematically explore how the choice of TM (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in TMF cathodes influences their electrochemical performance.4
We use a combination of galvanostatic cycling, impedance spectroscopy, and post-mortem STEM/EELS/EDX to elucidate the interplay between structure, chemistry and performance. Our best performers differ a lot in terms of their charge-discharge profiles and degradation performance. Briefly, in Fe-LiF, prolonged cycling leads to C-rate dependent restructuring that results in more beneficial nanostructure and increase in available capacity (from 150 to 210 mAh/g at 6C).5 We propose for the first time Cr-LiF cathodes, which show higher initial capacity of 433 mAh/g and similar nano-restructuring. However, the new nanostructure reduces electrochemical performance, which then plateaus at 208 mAh/g after 1500 cycles. Cr-LiF also demonstrates good rate capability with 357 mAh/g at 5C and 192 mAh/g at 8C.6 Moreover, I will discuss the prospects of using interfacial conversion reactions and job-sharing mechanisms to further boost the ion storage capacity and C-rate of thin-film cathodes and our recent results in that field.7,8
