Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been reaching unprecedented efficiencies. However, improving material systems and processes remains a complex, multi-step task, often addressed by a trial-and-error method. Yet, a crucial challenge for the commercialization of this technology remains to be the selection of solvents for depositing the perovskite active layers, for which there is currently no established methodology. Furthermore, perovskites are processed from highly toxic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), with a profound negative impact on the device's environmental footprint, accompanied by hazard when aimed to large scale production. Our study presents a general semi-empirical methodology targeted for solvent selection for perovskite layer deposition to identify and evaluate potential greener candidates for replacing DMF in lead iodide-based perovskite solar cells. To demonstrate the validity of our approach, few previously unexplored green solvents were found using our semi-empirical method and employed to produce PSCs. The devices fabricated from these green solvents showed comparable or superior performance to devices processed using DMF. These results validate the method's predictive capabilities and represent a great advance towards developing more environmentally friendly processing routes for commercializing PSCs.
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