Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite-organic tandem solar cells (P-O TSCs) hold great promise for next-generation thin-film photovoltaics, with steadily improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the development of optimal interconnecting layers (ICLs) remains one major challenge for further efficiency gains, and progress in understanding the improved long-term stability of P-O tandem configuration has been lagging. In this study, we experimentally investigate the enhanced stability of p-i-n P-O TSCs employing a simplified C60/atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) SnOx/PEDOT: PSS ICL without an additional charge recombination layer (CRL), which achieve an averaged efficiency of 25.12% and a hero efficiency of 25.5%. Our finding discovers that the recrystallization of C60, a widely used electron transport layer in perovskite photovoltaics, leads to the formation of grain boundaries during operation, which act as preferential migration channels for the interdiffusion of halide and Ag ions. Critically, we demonstrate for the first time that the tandem device architecture, incorporating organic semiconductor layers, effectively suppresses the bi-directional ion diffusion and mitigates electrode corrosion. Thus, the P-O TSC establishes a mutual protection system: the organic layers stabilize the perovskite sub-cell by suppressing ion diffusion-induced degradation, and the perovskite layer shields the organic sub-cell from spectrally induced degradation. The simultaneous synergistic protection mechanism enables P-O TSCs to achieve exceptional long-term operational stability, retaining over 91% of their initial efficiency after 1000 hours of continuous metal-halide lamp illumination, and to exhibit minimal fatigue after 86 cycles (2067 hours) of long-term diurnal (12/12-hour) testing. These results demonstrate that tandem cells significantly outperform their single-junction counterparts in both efficiency and stability.
C.L. gratefully acknowledges the financial support through the Helmholtz Association in the framework of the innovation platform “Solar TAP”. C.L., K.Z, S. Q., Z.P., C.H.L., J.T. and J.Z. are grateful for the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). Z.P., C.H.L., J.T. gratefully acknowledge funding of the Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Art. A. V. gratefully acknowledges the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-23-0462. J.B. and J.E. acknowledge financial support from the Bavarian-Czech Academic Agency (BTHA), grant no. BTHA-JC-2024-2. P. W. gratefully acknowledges gratefully acknowledges funding through the “POPULAR” project (NO. 101135770). C.J.B. gratefully acknowledges the financial support through the “Aufbruch Bayern” initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and SFF), the Bavarian Initiative “Solar Technologies go Hybrid” (SolTech), the DFG - SFB953 (project no. 182849149), and the DFG - INST 90/917-1 FUGG. MAA acknowledges financial support from the Fully Connected Virtual and Physical Perovskite Photovoltaic Lab (VIPERLAB) project. We thank the Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) for performing lab-based UPS and XPS measurements.
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