Publication date: 15th December 2025
Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) are rapidly advancing as durable and efficient electrocatalysts for key transformations central to a net-zero energy landscape. This work highlights recent progress in the rational design of TMP-based nanostructures, emphasizing how interfacial engineering and morphology control unlock new reactivity pathways in reactions relevant to sustainable fuel and chemical production.
In the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃RR), we demonstrate that tailoring catalyst interfaces, most notably through the formation of Cu3N–CuO heterostructures and other Cu- and Co-based phosphide architectures, enables a deliberate balance between hydrogen evolution and nitrate adsorption. This strategy drives highly selective ammonia production at elevated Faradaic efficiencies. The cooperative interplay within these engineered interfaces channels reactive hydrogen toward productive nitrogen-intermediate reduction while suppressing competing parasitic reactions. Surface-sensitive characterization reveals the dynamic structural evolution during operation, exposing both enhancement mechanisms and degradation pathways that inform future catalyst stabilization.
Complementary advances in alcohol oxidation further underscore the decisive role of interfacial structure. Through core–shell architectures, facet-selective exposure, and controlled defect formation, we tune the selectivity toward value-added products, highlighting how surface design governs reaction pathways across diverse substrate classes.
Collectively, this work outlines an emerging paradigm in electrocatalyst development: guided interface formation. By integrating post-synthetic modifications (e.g., vacancy-mediated cation exchange in phosphides), targeted doping, and controlled phase transformations, we demonstrate how defect chemistry, domain engineering, and cross-interface synergy can be orchestrated to yield multifunctional, stable electrocatalysts.
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