Publication date: 15th December 2025
Electrochemical ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions offers a decentralized, low-carbon alternative to the Haber–Bosch process, which accounts for more than 1% of global CO2 emissions (1). Among the emerging strategies, the lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR)—first introduced by Tsuneto et al. in the 1990s (2) and revitalized by Andersen et al. in 2019 (3)—has become one of the most promising. This approach has achieved commercially relevant ammonia production rates alongside high Faradaic efficiencies (4). Nevertheless, significant challenges remain, particularly in controlling and deciphering the complex interfacial processes that dictate selectivity and overall performance.
In this presentation, we highlight recent insights into these interfacial dynamics using in situ infrared spectroscopy, a powerful laboratory-based technique for probing electrochemical interfaces at the molecular level. We demonstrate how a detailed characterization of the electrolyte–electrode interface enables new strategies to regulate proton transfer and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, ultimately enhancing both the activity and durability of Li-NRR systems.
Y. K. acknowledges funding from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) under the Research and Development Program for Promoting Innovative Clean Energy Technologies through International Collaboration (grant no. P20005) and Intensive Support Program for Young Promising Researchers (JPNP20004); the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under the Adopting Sustainable Partnerships for Innovative Research Ecosystem (ASPIRE) program (grant no. JPMJAP2422); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 25K01880.
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