Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly reached power conversion efficiencies comparable to those of established photovoltaic technologies, highlighting the critical need to understand their operational and long-term stability for successful commercialization. Despite this importance, many stability evaluations are performed under short, non-standardized conditions, producing data that are difficult to compare or interpret across different studies. Moreover, the unique physicochemical behavior of perovskites often warrants aging protocols that extend beyond conventional photovoltaic qualification procedures. In this study, we investigate the influence of extended storage on the intrinsic aging behavior of PSCs over a period of three years. Devices with a Glass/FTO/compact-TiO₂/mesoporous-TiO₂/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au configuration were fabricated and stored in a nitrogen-filled glovebox, ensuring that observed degradation stemmed solely from internal material and interfacial processes rather than external environmental factors. Over the three-year storage period, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) decreases markedly from 17% to 8%. Comprehensive material and device characterization reveals that this performance loss is primarily driven by gradual decomposition of the perovskite absorber layer, as confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Importantly, the long-term aging also leads to pronounced lead (Pb) diffusion toward the metallic electrode, indicating progressive interfacial reactions at the perovskite/contact boundary. Photoluminescence measurements show substantial quenching of the emission signal, further evidencing the formation of non-radiative recombination sites associated with defect generation and ion migration. These findings provide deeper insight into the intrinsic durability limitations of PSCs, even under inert storage conditions, and identify key degradation pathways that must be addressed through improved absorber compositions, interface engineering, and encapsulation strategies. Ultimately, this work contributes toward establishing reliable long-term stability benchmarks and offers valuable direction for advancing PSCs toward scalable and commercially robust photovoltaic technologies.
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