Publication date: 15th December 2025
Photoelectrochemical systems can be utilized for solar-driven water splitting and CO2 reduction [1,2] but their implementation is commonly limited by reliance on expensive noble-metal catalysts like iridium or platinum. To address this issue, efforts have focused on identifying earth abundant substitutes and optimizing their synthesis. This work investigates the electrodeposition and electrochemical characterization of low-cost catalysts based on nickel and iron, which serve as replacements for iridium. Emphasis is placed on achieving a low onset potential for the oxygen evolution reaction, a high (photo)current density, and improved stability. We achieve this by evaluating multiple deposition strategies to enhance catalyst activity. Particular attention is given to improving catalyst growth onto conductive substrates and its integration with lead halide perovskite devices, while ensuring reproducibility. Our results demonstrate that an optimized catalyst loading can substantially narrow the performance gap between noble metal and abundant metallic catalysts, while maintaining stable operation of integrated perovskite photoelectrodes under continuous simulated solar illumination. This study highlights the critical role of catalyst selection and deposition techniques in enabling reproducible, cost-effective perovskite photoanodes for water oxidation [3]. These design principles may contribute to the future development of practical solar fuel technologies.
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