Publication date: 15th December 2025
Medium-temperature molten salt battery (<200℃) is a unique electrochemical energy storage device that uses the low melting point inorganic molten salts as electrolytes, features with high electrochemical kinetics and ionic conductivity. The Metal Chlorides-Graphite battery that we proposed is a novel medium-temperature molten salt battery, in which the reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate ion in graphite interlayers and the solid-phase oxidation/reduction of metal chlorides (MCl2 oxidized)- metal and NaCl (reduced) were used as the positive and negative electrode reactions, and the corresponding electrochemical system has the characteristics of low cost and high safety. Existed researches have shown that metal chlorides such as Fe/FeCl₂, Ni/NiCl₂, and Zn/ZnCl₂ all exhibit excellent electrochemical performances when applied as the anode materials. In the Fe/FeCl2-graphite battery, the obtained Fe/FeCl₂-EAE-1.4V electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical reversibility (over 7000 cycles). Scale up to 150 mAh cell, the capacity remains 155.2 mAh after 1000 cycles, with capacity retention rate of 94.5%. The 10 wt% Ni/NiCl₂-C anode prepared by pre-added metallic nickel and carbon coating shows the specific capacity of 330 mAh·g⁻¹, and the operating temperature for corresponding Ni/NiCl2-graphite molten salt battery is 95℃.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52374310, 51874228).
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