Publication date: 15th December 2025
Efficient and cost-effective energy storage systems (ESSs) are require to balance demand and supply of energy generated from intermittent and unpredictable renewable energy sources. Among the available ESS technologies, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to decouple power and energy. However, storing energy exclusively in dissolved redox species imposes limitations, such as low energy density and narrow operating temperature ranges.
To overcome these constraints, redox-mediated flow batteries (RMFBs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative. This approach integrates solid electroactive materials to boost energy density. The core mechanism involves a spontaneous and reversible charge transfer between the solid “booster” material and dissolved redox mediators. Despite their potential, RMFBs remain at an early stage of development, and fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics governing solid–solution charge transfer is still limited. Progress in this field therefore depends on operando analytical techniques capable of probing these interactions under realistic flow conditions.
In this presentation, the development and validation of two in-situ X-ray-based techniques for Redox-Mediated Flow Batteries will be discussed: X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (synchrotron source). These techniques enable real-time monitoring of the structural evolution of the solid booster during electrochemical charge and discharge processes mediated by redox species. Additionally, they will be applied to investigate the influence of electrolyte cations on the mediation mechanism. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of these in-situ techniques to uncover fundamental processes in RMFBs, providing insights essential for advancing next-generation flow battery technologies.
Acknowledgement. Projects i) NiMHBat – PID2024-159830OB-I00 and ii) MediaBat – CNS2023-145051 funded by i) MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and ii) MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, respectively. UED.A.G. acknowledges the fellowship from the regional government of Castilla y Leon (Junta de Castilla y Leon), which is partially supported by the European Social Fund
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