Publication date: 15th December 2025
The interaction between the free water and the intercalating ions affects the ion transport, structural evolution and electrochemical performance in aqueous systems. Especially with the popular usage of water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSE) for new-generation batteries, the mechanism that governs the overall electrochemistry remains elusive. In this study, we employed in-situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM), Electrochemical Dilatometry (ECD), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to interpret the influence of the free water for the energy storage mechanism. To achieve this, titanium disulfide (TiS₂) was selected as a model layered material owing to its well-established intercalation mechanism and structural tunability. An experimental path combining the abovementioned techniques were utilized and correlated while controlling the molarity of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) from 1 M to WiSE, and post-mortem characterizations utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to link the electrochemical responses to structural evolutions. The integrated approach enables direct correlation between electrolyte composition, structural response, and electrochemical behavior, deepening the mechanistic understanding of water-mediated intercalation in layered systems, especially in TMDs.
Mete Batuhan Durukan is grateful for the support from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
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