Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite solar cells have achieved significant performance improvements in recent decades. Their low-temperature, solution-processable fabrication and composition-dependent bandgap tunability make them strong candidates for fully perovskite-based photovoltaic architectures. Incorporating Tin into Lead-based perovskites extends the absorption edge into the near-infrared (NIR), but the resulting mixed Lead–Tin compositions exhibit a lower absorption coefficient than pure Lead perovskites. This reduction increases the thickness required for efficient light harvesting from roughly 500 nm to beyond 1 µm. Achieving such thicknesses through a conventional one-step spin-coating process is challenging due to precursor solubility limits, and the charge-carrier diffusion length in Lead–Tin systems is typically insufficient for very thick films.
In this study, we combine optical and synthetic strategies to enhance the effective absorption of mixed Lead–Tin perovskites while maintaining high device performance. An ultrathin self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is employed as the hole-selective contact to suppress parasitic losses and improve charge extraction. Although SAMs offer a promising low optical loss hole-transporting layer for Lead–Tin devices, their implementation often leads to inconsistent device performance due to poor substrate coverage. By examining how SAM influences perovskite crystallisation charge transport in the whole perovskite lattice, we developed an optimised treatment that promotes more uniform SAM formation. This improvement significantly enhances device reproducibility and stabilises overall performance metrics.
We further implement a plasmonic enhancement scheme together with a tailored two-step perovskite fabrication route, enabling the formation of uniform Lead–Tin perovskite layers exceeding 1 µm in thickness with improved light absorptance near the band-edge. This integrated approach allows us to systematically assess and push the light-harvesting capability of thick mixed Lead–Tin perovskite solar cells.
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