Publication date: 15th December 2025
Isotope Exchange Raman Spectroscopy (IERS) has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating ion transport dynamics in ionic conductive materials by tracking shifts in their oxygen vibrational Raman modes (see Figure 1).1,2 In this study, we demonstrate the broader applicability of IERS by introducing a universal methodology that extends beyond materials with Raman-active vibrational features—including those that are Raman-inactive—through the integration of an additional probe layer.3
To validate this approach, we selected four mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) with perovskite structures: La1-xSrxCoO3₋δ and La1-xSrxFeO3₋δ (x = 0.2 and 0.4). These functional materials were deposited onto a gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) thin film, which serves as the probe layer. By using CGO, with well-distinguishable Raman modes and fast oxygen diffusivity, as a probe layer, we show that the oxygen gas-solid surface exchange properties of the deposited functional materials can be investigated in situ.
The oxygen surface exchange coefficients obtained via this universal IERS approach are in good agreement with previously reported values, validating the accuracy of the method. This tailored sample configuration effectively overcomes the traditional limitation of IERS as being material-dependent, thereby broadening its applicability to a wider range of materials.
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 824072 (Harvestore), no. 101017709 (EPISTORE) and the Horizon Europe programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Postdoctoral Fellowship grant agreement no. 101064349 (NATFOX). F.C. acknowledges funding from a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Postdoctoral Fellowship grant (101107093).
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