Publication date: 15th December 2025
Next-generation lithium-ion batteries for eVTOL, aerospace and high-power applications require cells with low impedance, fast-charging ability and stable operation at low temperatures. Silicon anodes are becoming the new industry standard as they offer exceptional performance and capacity; however, their degradation mechanisms under high-power cycling remain poorly understood.
In this work, we characterise the Molicel P50B 21700 cylindrical cell and provide a parameterised dataset for multi-scale modelling. This study combines (1) multi-temperature diagnostics (25, 15, 5 and -5 °C), including pulse testing, with corresponding (2) long-term cycling to 80% SOH at ~900 cycles, (3) teardown-based verification pathways to understand the processes within the cell, and (4) chemical and structural analysis of the electrodes in the pristine and cycled states.
The positive electrode is polycrystalline NCA. The negative electrode is a bi-component graphite-silicon-carbon composite designed for stability. This material is compared to other silicon materials to assess expansion and performance. Throughout all temperature conditions, the cell maintains consistent capacity and pulse performance. Low temperature (-5 °C) capacity loss is minimal, with 95% retention at C/3 before HPPC testing. At -5 °C, the HPPC resistance increases substantially, ~ 98% higher compared to 25 °C, yet the cell shows stable pulse performance and a controlled temperature rise, benefiting cell operation.
This comprehensive electrochemical, physicochemical, and thermal analysis provides insight into the P50B’s material behaviour under high-power conditions. These findings are directly relevant for manufacturers aiming to validate and model next-generation anode performance, supporting improved prediction and safer use of these cells.
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