Publication date: 15th December 2025
Wearable biosensing routines use skin-contact electrodes. Traditional gel-based electrodes dry out over time, lose performance, and contribute to substantial electronic waste generation. [1] In response, we developed soft, breathable electrodes made of porous PDMS sponges coated with PEDOT:PSS (poly(3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate))— a conducting polymer forming a gel-free device that conforms naturally to the skin.[2,3] This approach makes use of both commercial and recovered PEDOT:PSS, from spent formulations, towards sustainable sensor manufacturing. Additionally, an original way of sponge structure fabrication was applied via a sugar-templating method, achieving a porous network that enhances their conformal contact and breathability.[4] The conductive coating is then applied through dip-coating and chemical crosslinking to ensure its strong adherence. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and long-term stability testing show that the electrodes from the recycled and commercial formulations uphold low skin–electrode impedance even after extended wear (10 hours). Simultaneous heart and brain wave recordings with both electrode types demonstrated high-fidelity signal acquisition and signal-to-noise ratios compared to gold standard Ag/AgCl electrodes. The stable performance over hours of continuous use confirms the sponge electrode’s capacity to perform in long-term, wearable monitoring. By merging comfort, performance, and recyclability, this work paves the way for the next generation of sustainable wearable sensor manufacturing.
This work was supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the ANR-AI-WEAR project (ANR-23-CE19-0032), whose financial contribution is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank the staff of the Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP) at École des Mines de Saint-Étienne for their technical assistance. Part of this work was performed with the support of the MicroPacks platform at the Centre Microélectronique de Provence (Project funded by the European Regional Development Fund, the French state and local authorities).
nanoGe is a prestigious brand of successful science conferences that are developed along the year in different areas of the world since 2009. Our worldwide conferences cover cutting-edge materials topics like perovskite solar cells, photovoltaics, optoelectronics, solar fuel conversion, surface science, catalysis and two-dimensional materials, among many others.
Previously nanoGe Spring Meeting (NSM) and nanoGe Fall Meeting (NFM), MATSUS is a multiple symposia conference focused on a broad set of topics of advanced materials preparation, their fundamental properties, and their applications, in fields such as renewable energy, photovoltaics, lighting, semiconductor quantum dots, 2-D materials synthesis, charge carriers dynamics, microscopy and spectroscopy semiconductors fundamentals, etc.
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV) is celebrated yearly in May. The main topics are the development, function and modeling of materials and devices for hybrid and organic solar cells. The field is now dominated by perovskite solar cells but also other hybrid technologies, as organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells and their integration into devices for photoelectrochemical solar fuel production.
Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics
The main topics of the Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP) are discussed every year in Asia-Pacific for gathering the recent advances in the fields of material preparation, modeling and fabrication of perovskite and hybrid and organic materials. Photovoltaic devices are analyzed from fundamental physics and materials properties to a broad set of applications. The conference also covers the developments of perovskite optoelectronics, including light-emitting diodes, lasers, optical devices, nanophotonics, nonlinear optical properties, colloidal nanostructures, photophysics and light-matter coupling.
The International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics Perovskite Photonics and Optoelectronics (NIPHO) is the best place to hear the latest developments in perovskite solar cells as well as on recent advances in the fields of perovskite light-emitting diodes, lasers, optical devices, nanophotonics, nonlinear optical properties, colloidal nanostructures, photophysics and light-matter coupling.