Publication date: 15th December 2025
The record-high responsivity of photomultiplication organic photodetectors (PM OPDs) makes them a highly promising candidate for next-generation biometric monitoring, imaging, and emerging near-infrared (NIR) sensing technologies. Photomultiplication is achieved through charge injection at high reverse bias via optical population of electronic trap states. However, the fundamental carrier dynamics that regulate this process remain poorly understood, primarily due to the absence of direct experimental probes capable of quantifying low densities of trapped charges. In this work, a novel set of spectroscopic approaches is applied to elucidate the dynamics of carrier trapping in a new high-performance near-infrared PM OPD with specific detectivity of 5.7 x 1012 Jones and an external quantum efficiency of 3500% under -10 V. Trap selective spectroscopical techniques reveal how the optimised ratio of donor polymer and non-fullerene acceptor of 100:16 by weight features the highest trap density at the active layer/electrode interface. By tracking the population of trapped electrons under time-resolved measurements, a relatively fast build-up (500 ns) is found and a much slower depletion of trap carrier density (100 μs to ms). To test the reproducibility of the proposed device architecture and mechanism, an alternate donor polymer is empolyed, showing comparable device performance. Finally, the utility of these devices is demonstrated through photoplethysmography measurements for the determination of the cardiac cycle. These findings underscore the potential of trap-engineered PM OPDs for high-sensitivity biomedical sensing.1
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