Publication date: 15th December 2025
Mixed tin-lead (Sn-Pb) halide perovskites, with tunable bandgaps ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 eV, hold significant potential for developing highly efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells. However, achieving commercial viability and sustained high efficiency in Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a formidable challenge. Among various optimization approaches, the use of additives has proven pivotal in regulating the crystallization of Sn-Pb halide perovskites. Despite their extensive application to enhance device performance, the underlying photophysical mechanisms are not well understood.
In this study, we investigate the role of guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, in the crystallization of Sn-Pb halide perovskites. Using a combination of hyperspectral imaging and real-time in-situ photoluminescence spectroscopy, we examine the crystallization dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the chaotropic agent influences the crystal growth rate during the process, leading to more uniform films with suppressed non-radiative recombination. Furthermore, we challenge the conventional view that crystallization ceases upon solvent evaporation by uncovering photoluminescence changes during the cooling phase.
The optimized films achieve a photoluminescence quantum yield of 7.28% and a charge carrier lifetime exceeding 11 µs, culminating in a device efficiency of 22.34% and a fill factor surpassing 80%. This work offers critical insights into additive-mediated crystal growth and transient cooling dynamics, paving the way for the development of high-performance, stable Sn-Pb perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
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