Publication date: 15th December 2025
In recent years, more and more evidence has emerged on the intertwining of electrode inhomogeneities, local electrolyte structure and ion distribution, which all affect the nanoscopic electrochemical processes. All these are difficult to infer from macroscopic measurables. In-situ and operando Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that has demonstrated with atomic resolution, that water structures itself at the interface with solids under equilibrium.
In this work, we use adhesion to probe the interfacial energy of the (biased) electrode/electrolyte under different electrochemical conditions. We track changes at the interface as a function of bias, and investigate the effect of different anions and cations. From adhesion imaging, we reveal that the water structure on even a simple Au film is highly inhomogeneous and dynamic. By disabling the vertical scan, we push the temporal resolution and track adhesion while running standard cyclic voltammograms. Understanding and controlling these nanoscale phenomena provide us with many fascinating challenges, of direct relevance not only in energy storage but also other fields like nanomaterial fabrication.
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