Publication date: 15th December 2025
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), particularly CdSe/CdS core/shell systems, represent promising emissive materials for display technologies, bioimaging, and optoelectronic applications owing to their near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) and size-dependent emission tuning. However, their technological implementation is impeded by unpredictable photoluminescence variations under ambient atmosphere, where oxygen and water provoke phenomena such as PL blinking, photobrightening, and photobleaching. Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms is essential for devising stable NC-based devices. By employing single-nanocrystal photoluminescence spectroscopy and ensemble-level optical characterization under controlled atmospheres, we systematically examined the photophysical and photochemical responses of high-quality NCs. Oxygen stabilizes the PL of NCs by deionizing negatively charged NCs (forming negative trions) back to the neutral excitonic state, thereby suppressing blinking via Langmuir-type adsorption kinetics, with superoxide radicals identified as byproducts. Water serves as a reductant, facilitating photoinduced electron transfer to generate charged NCs exhibiting red-shifted, dim emission; under co-existence with oxygen, it initiates a cyclic ionization-deionization process that culminates in irreversible photochemical corrosion. This work provides a unified picture linking diverse photophysical observations to environmental control of charge balance. The derived insights pave the way for formulating effective stabilization strategies, promoting reliable integration of NCs into commercial systems.
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