Publication date: 15th December 2025
Transition metal oxide electrodes that combine high charge-storage capacity with efficient water-splitting activity are attractive for sustainable energy systems coupling electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Here we report NiMoO₄/MoO₃ heterostructures grown directly on nickel foam via a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted solvothermal route, in which the soft template controls nucleation and growth.
By adjusting the PVP content, the morphology evolves from compact agglomerates to flower-like architectures built from ultrathin nanoneedles with a mesoporous texture and enlarged surface area. Structural and microstructural characterization (XRD, SEM/TEM, and N₂ adsorption) confirms the formation of intimately interfaced NiMoO₄ and MoO₃ domains and a hierarchical pore network.
In 3 M KOH, the optimized electrode delivers a specific capacitance of 3626 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ with about 76% retention at 5 A g⁻¹ in a three-electrode configuration. An asymmetric aqueous capacitor using activated carbon as the negative electrode achieves an energy density of ~33 Wh kg⁻¹ at ~1.6 kW kg⁻¹ and retains ~86% of its capacitance after 2000 cycles.
The same NiMoO₄/MoO₃/NF electrode operates as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for alkaline water splitting, reaching 10 mA cm⁻² at overpotentials of ~169 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction and ~318 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction, with low Tafel slopes and stable performance over extended operation.
We relate this dual functionality to synergistic electronic interactions at the NiMoO₄/MoO₃ interface and to the highly porous nanoneedle network, which shortens ion-diffusion paths and maximizes accessible redox sites. This work demonstrates a simple morphology-engineering strategy to obtain high-performance electrodes for aqueous hybrid supercapacitors and integrated water electrolysis devices.
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