Publication date: 15th December 2025
Printing technology is set to enable the high-throughput, low-cost, and customized fabrication of flexible, stretchable or wearable optoelectronic and sensors devices. For this to become a reality, functional printing approaches should enable high device performance and industrial compatibility. However, it must also strive for the sustainable fabrication and circular design of electronics. The most direct way to mitigate negative sustainability issues in most end-of-life phases is the utilization of inherently sustainable materials and processes from the very conception of a technology. This can simplify or reduce the economic, energetic and environmental burden on regulation, recycling or recovery of electronic waste (e-waste).
In the first part of this contribution, I will present the investigation of biodegradable electrolyte systems based on gelatin, DNA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and Polycaprolactone for the fabrication of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC) and electrochromic (EC) devices. We will present LECs exhibiting maximum luminance over 12,000 Cd/m2 and containing > 90% ecofriendly materials. Furthermore, we will show inkjet-printed EC devices which biodegradation was certified via an independently performed ISO test. In the second part of the presentation, I will focus on the use of bio-sourced and biodegradable materials, such as melanin and cellulose, for the fabrication of Inkjet-printed humidity sensors. For melanin-based sensors we showed that the devices exhibited fast detection and recovery times (~ 0.8 ± 0.3 s) with a 170 ± 40-fold decrease in impedance for relative humidity changes from 30 % to 90 %. For the cellulose-based sensor, the relative humidity (RH) was measured by recording the impedance moduli at different frequencies. The sensor exhibits a linear response in the range between 30% RH and 90% RH. Moreover, a color change was observed for RH ≤ 30%, making it a dual mode (electrical and visual) sensor.
G.H.S. thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) for the financial support via Heisenbergprofessur, HE 7056/7-1.
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