Publication date: 15th December 2025
Evolving bifacial photovoltaics (BPVs) have garnered significant attention owing to their high efficiency and cost-effectiveness, enabling light capture from both sides. Although, their outdoor performance is often limited by variable surface reflectivity (albedo effect). In contrast, BPVs can be effectively utilized inside indoor environments such as offices, homes, auditoriums, transit stations, and other enclosed spaces, enabling efficient energy harvesting.In emerging BPV technologies, perovskite-based indoor BPVs (i-BPPVs) have demonstrated superior device performance. Nonetheless, the optimal design of i-BPPVs for efficient indoor light harvesting, together with achieving long-term perovskite stability, remains a critical and highly compelling challenge. In this work, we have designed an efficient i-BPPVs with the capability of harvesting maximum light from top and bottom sides. The fabricated i-BPPVs with active layer of MAPbI3-xBrx exhibited a PCE of 30.30 %, when artificial LED light source of 1000 lux is exposed from the top side, whereas an efficiency of 22.10 % have been obtained from the bottom side. Furthermore, to address the stability limitations of perovskite absorber, we developed a 3D/2D passivated i-BPPVs with synthesized benzocarbazole-iodide (CY-I) organic spacer cation. The passivated device displayed a PCE of 36.66 % from the top side and 23.97 % from the bottom side under artificial LED light source of 1000 lux. Additionally, we examined the long-term stability of unencapsulated i-BPPVs devices in ambient conditions (RH~ 60 % ± 5 %) for 60 days, and this test demonstrates that passivated device exhibit significantly enhanced stability than the reference device. The MAFA/CY-I devices retained 89 % of, whereas the MAFA device retains 68% of its initial PCE after 60 days. In summary, this research highlights the strong potential of i-BPPVs for high efficiency from a single PV cell, ultimately contributing to overall cost reduction and enhanced indoor energy conservation in future PV technologies.
Keywords: Artificial Indoor Light Sources, Indoor Bifacial Perovskite Photovoltaics, Organic Spacer Cations, Passivation Engineering, Cost-Effective.
Author wishes to thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India for the Core Research Grant, (grant no. CRG/2022/003088) SERB project and Indian Institute of Technology Mandi forproviding the experimental facilities at the Advanced Material Research Centre (AMRC) and Centre for Design & Fabrication of Electronic Devices (C4DFED).
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