Publication date: 15th December 2025
Carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are attractive for scalable and low-cost photovoltaics, yet their performance and durability are often limited by suboptimal hole-transport interfaces and strain-induced defects, especially in flexible devices. Here we report a combined interface–mechanics engineering strategy to unlock efficient and endurable rigid and flexible C-PSCs.
First, we regulate the molecular orientation of semicrystalline P3HT hole-transport layers (HTLs) from the conventional edge-on packing to a three-dimensional (3D) oriented configuration via a synergistic additive/solvent approach. This orientation transition suppresses alkyl-chain–dominated contact at the perovskite/HTL interface, improves energy-level alignment, and enhances interfacial charge extraction and moisture tolerance. As a result, carbon-electrode devices deliver power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 20.55% (0.04 cm²) and 18.32% (1 cm²), ranking among the highest for C-PSCs.[1]
Building on the oriented-HTL platform, we further develop a strain-compensation strategy for flexible carbon-electrode PSCs by depositing a hot HTL solution onto the perovskite film. This process converts detrimental tensile strain into benign compressive strain, promotes ordered HTL molecular arrangement, optimizes interfacial energetics, and passivates defects. The synergistic effects suppress non-radiative recombination and accelerate hole transport, enabling PCEs of 20.91% for rigid C-PSCs and 19.52% for flexible devices. The flexible cells exhibit excellent environmental and mechanical stability, retaining ~75% of initial efficiency after 1000 bending cycles at an 8 mm radius.[2]
Overall, our work highlights how molecular packing control and strain engineering can be co-designed to deliver high-efficiency, scalable, and robust carbon-electrode perovskite photovoltaics for portable and flexible green-energy applications.
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