Publication date: 15th December 2025
Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) have been attracting extensive research attention within the last several years. Their applications as chemical/biological sensors and in neuromorphic circuits are particularly appealing due to their high transconductance, efficient electron-ion coupling, compatibility with aqueous solutions, conformability and low voltage operation. These advantageous properties arise from the unique characteristics of the channel material, organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), which support the simultaneous transport of electronic charges and ionic species. This channel layer can be processed directly using electropolymerization. Comparing to other processing techniques, electropolymerization offers several advantages. It allows for precise control over the thickness of the polymer film by adjusting the deposition parameters, such as the applied potential, quantity of change deposited and time. The morphology of the electropolymerized film can be tuned again by controlling the polymerization conditions, enabling the formation of nanostructures or porous films. Moreover, electropolymerization can be performed selectively on the individual channel, enabling direct patterning of the polymer layer without the need for complex photolithography and etching processes, which is beneficial for simplifying the fabrication process and integration of OECTs into more complex circuits. In this work, we explore the performance of OECTs incorporating several electropolymerized channel materials. We begin with devices fabricated using a conventional PEDOT channel, highlighting their application in dopamine detection.(1) We then introduce PEDOT:N3, a clickable OMIEC variant whose threshold voltage can be finely tuned through control of the electropolymerization parameters, an essential feature for the design of adaptable biosensors and neuromorphic elements. (2) Finally, we present OECTs based on P-tri-DPA for zinc ion detection, showing that this material enables low detection limits together with high specificity toward Zn²⁺ ions. (3) These results show the versatility of electropolymerization as a fabrication strategy for high-performance OECTs and underscore the value of OMIEC materials engineering in advancing next-generation bioelectronic devices.
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