Publication date: 15th December 2025
Medium-temperature electrolysis (MTE, 200 °C < T < 400 °C) is emerging as a promising pathway for hydrogen production and CO2 reduction.[1] This temperature range offers improved thermodynamic efficiency and more favorable electrode kinetics compared to low-temperature electrolysis as well as greater materials’ flexibility compared to high-temperature systems.[2] Among medium-temperature protonic conductors, cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CsH₂PO₄, CDP) stands out due to its high conductivity after phase transition (from low conductive monoclinic phase to highly conductive or superprotonic cubic phase) and chemical stability under humidified conditions, making it a promising electrolyte for MTE applications.[3] However, practical deployment of CDP is hindered by its restricted performant temperature range. To address these issues, researchers have focused on utilizing CDP-based composites, often by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles such as SiO₂[4] or SnO₂[5]. Such composites might benefit from the space charge layer formed at interface, which can significantly improve the overall proton conductivity.[6]
In this work, we synthesized CDP - SiO2 composites by a solution/suspension freezing method, yielding composites materials with inclusion clusters comprised of agglomerated SiO2 and crystalline CDP particles. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the addition of SiO2 enhances conductivity with few orders of magnitude in the monoclinic phase (< 235 ℃) compared to pure CDP, significantly reducing the gap with the superprotonic phase (> 235 ℃). The pre-transition conductivity exhibits a binary composite with percolation behavior. Normalizing the actual volume ratio of CDP, shows that the conductivity in the monoclinic phase increases with ~ 2 orders of magnitude than that of neat CDP. Next to the systematic study of conductivity, the composite electrolyte was also tested for steam electrolysis showing stable performance. The improvement in conductivity at lower temperatures broadens the temperature range or application for this electrolyte in MTE devoted to water, CO2 and nitrogen-compounds reduction.
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