Publication date: 15th December 2025
Photoconversion devices have advanced rapidly in recent years, yet emerging technologies such as perovskite solar cells, tandem solar cells, and photoelectrochemical cells still face performance and stability challenges that limit their adoption. Understanding the internal mechanisms governing device operation is essential to identify and overcome these limitations.
In this presentation, I will highlight the power of modulated, or small-perturbation, techniques to probe these mechanisms. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides rich in-operando information but has inherent limitations. These can be overcome by combining IS with intensity-modulated photocurrent (IMPS) and photovoltage (IMVS) spectroscopies. A unified analysis of all three techniques reveals the underlying working processes, enables the precise selection of an equivalent circuit for simultaneous analysis of the three spectra, allowing more accurate parameter extraction, and provides access to additional metrics, such as carrier separation efficiency. Applications to various photoconversion devices will be presented[1-3].
Additionally, intensity-modulated photoluminescence spectroscopy (IMPLS) extends these concepts to fully optical, contact-free measurements, revealing slow ionic processes in perovskites[4-5]. Together, these techniques form a versatile toolkit for understanding and optimizing next-generation photoconversion devices.
The work was performed at the NWO institute AMOLF. A.O.A and B.E. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 947221). E.C.G. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 101043783). The work is part of the Dutch Research Council (NWO) in collaboration between AMOLF and TNO. This work is partly funded through governmental funding of TNO financed by the Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth and Ministry of Economic Affairs.
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