Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have emerged as a highly promising technology for agrivoltaics applications due to their intrinsic spectral tunability, mechanical flexibility, lightweight nature, and potential for low-cost manufacturing [1][2]. However, for OPV to become a realistic and scalable solution in agricultural settings, significant challenges related to processability, stability, and large-scale manufacturing need to be addressed [3]. Although laboratory-scale devices can achieve energy conversion efficiencies of up to 21.2 % [4], these values tend to decrease upon area scaling [5]. Despite a few remarkable studies reporting module efficiencies of 14.46% and 18.36% with areas in the range of 15 cm2, [6][7] this scaling lag decreases further in attempts to adapt the modules to certain scenarios, such as the incorporation of flexible substrates, the preparation of semi-transparent and/or printed electrodes, or targeting larger active areas.

This study presents our methodology developed for the fabrication of OPV modules specifically tailored for agrivoltaic use, detailing the steps taken to adapt the technology to this application niche. Three active-layer systems (PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F:PC70BM, PM6:DTY6, and D18:DTY6) were selected based on their spectral compatibility with plant-light requirements and their reported potential for scalable processing. For these systems, the device stack was optimized, including optical transparency, module interconnections, and geometric layout. The process resulted in the fabrication of 100 cm² semitransparent modules with optimized transmittance and efficiencies above 4%. The modules were subsequently evaluated during the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and Cardamine hirsuta seedlings under controlled conditions, assessing both photovoltaic performance and plant developmental responses. The results highlight the current bottlenecks in scaling OPV, particularly the efficiency losses caused by increasing the active area (which can be up to 30%), the use of a semi-transparent upper electrode, and the integration of series interconnections within modules. In addition, biological tests reveal the influence of spectral modulation on plant development, providing valuable information for future material selection. Overall, this work describes a comprehensive approach to adapting OPV technology to agricultural settings, bridging the gap between laboratory-scale optimization and application-oriented module design.