Publication date: 15th December 2025
Lead-free hybrid perovskites have emerged as advanced materials with high potential for solar cell applications, attracting significant attention due to their high photovoltaic performance and reduced environmental impact. In this study, these perovskites were synthesized via solution-based methods with precise control over crystallization conditions. Their structural, optical, and electronic properties were comprehensively characterized using spectroscopy, microscopy, and photovoltaic measurements. The thermal and environmental stability of the materials was also systematically evaluated under varying humidity and temperature conditions to assess their effects on device performance. The results indicate that optimizing composition and synthesis conditions can simultaneously achieve high photovoltaic efficiency and long-term operational stability. This research not only advances the understanding of material properties but also provides practical insights into the design and fabrication of non-toxic, environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells, bridging the gap between material science and device applications. These findings offer new opportunities in sustainable energy and advanced functional materials.
