Publication date: 15th December 2025
With constant discovery and development of new organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials, the variable parameter space for material and device fabrication expands exponentially. At the same time, successful OPV technology advancement requires optimization of both performance and stability. The challenge is therefore efficiently optimizing fabrication processing and cell architecture variables to intensify focus on the most promising paths forward in an ever-expanding and myriad of options. To address this challenge, we developed HOOPS: High-throughput Optimization of OPVs for Performance and Stability. HOOPS allows the researcher to rapidly optimize all layers of the OPV for performance, thermal stability, and light stability simultaneously. As an example, we used HOOPS on PTQ-10:Y6-BO based devices to quickly identify which processing and post-processing parameters of the active layer and electron transport layer resulted in simultaneous high performance and good stability for the OPV. The results underscore the fact that processing and fabrication parameters for a given OPV are different when the goal of achieving optimal PCE shifts to achieving high PCE and stabile performance. We also demonstrate the value of HOOPS in quickly scaling from spin-coated small-area devices to slot-die printed large-area modules.
This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, within the Solar Energy Technology Office through award number DE-EE0052768. The work does not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. By accepting the article for publication, the publisher acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. JBW acknowledges Solar Window Technologies for funding.
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