Publication date: 15th December 2025
Ambient-air fabrication of flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) is a crucial step toward scalable and cost-effective commercialization. However, achieving high photovoltaic efficiency, long-term operational stability, and mechanical robustness under high-humidity conditions remains challenging, as moisture-induced defects at both the buried and top interfaces severely deteriorate device performance. Here, we present a stepwise defect passivation strategy using phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) to form two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite layers at both the buried and top perovskite interfaces, enabling the fabrication of efficient and highly durable f-PSCs under relative humidity (RH) conditions of up to 50%. Incorporation of 2D perovskite into the hole-transport layer (HTL) enhances moisture resistance and interfacial stability simultaneously. The resulting f-PSCs exhibit a flexible-to-rigid efficiency ratio exceeding 94% and retain 85% of their initial efficiency after 2,800 hours of air storage without additional encapsulation. Furthermore, dual-sided 2D passivated f-PSCs demonstrate outstanding mechanical reliability, maintaining 96% of their initial efficiency after 10,000 bending cycles and 87% after extreme shear-sliding tests. These results highlight the potential of 2D perovskite engineering to enhance both mechanical and environmental stability in f-PSCs and overcome key barriers to their large-scale manufacturing under ambient conditions.
This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korean government (2710019293) and the Fundamental Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00429694).
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