Publication date: 15th December 2025
The sun’s photons represent the largest energy resource on Earth, and harnessing this energy could help address the global energy crisis without harming the environment. Organic semiconductors, whether polymers (typically electron donors) or small molecules (such as fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors), can be dispersed in water under the form of nanoparticles, to produce environmentally and human-friendly inks for processing photovoltaic active layers, offering an alternative to conventional approaches that rely on toxic organic solvents.
Consequently, there is a strong need to investigate:
- the synthesis of organic semiconducting aqueous dispersions
- the integration of these inks into solar-cell fabrication processes
- the photovoltaic performance of the resulting device
In this communication, I will present the current state of this technology as well as the advances we have achieved over the past five years. In particular, I will discuss how the synthetic methodology used to prepare the dispersions influences their properties, the impact of surfactants on the internal donor-acceptor morphology of the particles and on ink deposition, and finally, the crucial role of thermal annealing in achieving optimal photovoltaic efficiencies, which now exceed 10%.
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