Publication date: 15th December 2025
Large-scale energy storage is a key technology for efficient integration of renewable energy generation into the grid and the development of smart grids. Liquid metal batteries based on liquid metal electrodes and molten salts electrolytes, with the merits of long-lifespan, low-cost, and high-safety, shows broad prospects in large-scale energy storage applications. Sodium metal has attracted considerable attention due to its abundant reserves, low-cost, and excellent compatibility with sealing. Consequently, liquid metal batteries constructed with Na hold greater promise in large-scale energy storage. Herein, the electrode material system of sodium-based liquid metal batteries, including Na||Bi and Na||Sb, the design methods of multiple cation composite molten salt electrolytes, and the mechanism of in-situ exchange reactions between the electrodes and the electrolytes will all be discussed in this report. Based on these results, the novel Na-Li dual cation LMB based on the in-situ displacement reaction between Na and molten salts of lithium halides electrolyte will be demonstrated. Furthermore, the progress in the construction technology of large-capacity liquid metal batteries will also be presented in the report. Moreover, some key challenges in the engineering application of liquid metal batteries and corresponding solutions will also be discussed.
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFB2408300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92372205, 52177215, 52277217)
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