Publication date: 15th December 2025
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the most efficient rechargeable technology on the market, yet improving their energy density, durability, sustainability and safety is critical for meeting future energy demands. A key challenge is reducing dependence on critical raw materials such as cobalt and nickel while maintaining high performance. Spinel-type cathodes like LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) offer high operating voltage and structural stability and, importantly, are cobalt-free, making them attractive for next-generation energy storage. However, their practical implementation requires a deeper understanding of how composition and crystallographic features (such as cation disorder and Ni deficiency) impact electrochemical behavior.
To further advance CRM substitution, LiFe0.5Mn1.5O (LFMO) emerges as a promising alternative that is both nickel- and cobalt-free, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. This material combines high voltage operation with a theoretical capacity of 148 mAh·g⁻¹, but its performance strongly depends on controlling antisite defects and optimizing synthesis conditions.
In this contribution, we present a high-throughput experimental approach to accelerate the discovery and optimization of these spinel systems. We have developed an autonomous synthesis platform that can prepare multiple samples in parallel, enabling systematic screening of synthetic parameters. This approach accelerates material optimization and supports CRM substitution through advanced design and characterization.
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