Publication date: 15th December 2025
Thermal co-evaporation is an effective and scalable technique for producing high-quality perovskite layers for solar cells. By enabling precise control over film thickness, composition, and uniformity, it produces dense, defect-minimized perovskite films that lead to high power-conversion efficiencies.[1] Because the process takes place in a clean, solvent-free vacuum environment, it avoids many stability issues associated with solution processing, such as uncontrolled crystallization and residual impurities. As a result, thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells often show improved environmental and operational stability. In addition, thermal evaporation is already widely used in industrial thin-film manufacturing, making it compatible with large-area substrates, automated processing, and high-throughput production. These advantages position thermal co-evaporation as a promising and industrially relevant route for delivering efficient, stable, and commercially viable perovskite solar modules an tandems. [2] Here, we present >19 % and >16% PCE for single-cells and modules, respectively. Moreover, devices demonstate excellent stability (T70 of >3000 hours) under heat and light.
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