Publication date: 15th December 2025
Donor-Acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are widely used for tunable electronic properties. Benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b’] dithiophene-4,5-dione (BDTD), an important electron-deficient molecule, (fused aromatic dione) is a versatile starting material that can generate a wide variety of monomers for the synthesis of π-conjugated materials. Herein, we report the synthesis of three different phenazines when BDTD reacts with three different diamines ( 4-fluoro-o-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, and 3,4-diaminopyridine) to produce three heteroaromatic fused systems: fluoro-dithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, dithieno[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, and pyrido[3,4-b]dithieno[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline. The synthesised monomers were characterized by NMR, UV-Visible and Infrared spectroscopy. Further all the three monomers were electropolymerized using potentiodynamic method on different working electrodes (Platinum, ITO-coated glass) using TBAClO4/MeCN electrolyte-solvent system and their electrochemical properties were studied out. The chemical, physical and morphological properties of the obtained polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer and FESEM. The differences in oxidation and reduction peaks were examined depending on the nature of the phenazine substituents, and shows the tunability of electronic belongings through molecular design. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were studied out to get an understanding of the trends in energy levels, and comparisons were made with the experimental results.
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