Publication date: 15th December 2025
Nickel-rich LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (NCM) cathodes are the go-to choice for high energy density lithium-ion batteries but suffer from accelerated surface degradation, particularly as the Ni content is increased. The degradation typically entails surface phase transitions, particle cracking, and oxygen release during cycling.
In this work, a sustainable ethanol-based wet-chemical approach is presented for depositing thin Al₂O₃ surface layers on NCM cathode materials aimed at mitigating these surface-driven degradation mechanisms. The method was demonstrated on NCM111 and NCM811 compositions to assess its effectiveness across varying nickel contents. Electrochemical testing demonstrates a pronounced improvement in cycling stability for Al₂O₃-modified NCM111, with capacity retention increasing from 79% to 88% after 500 cycles. Comparable enhancements are observed for NCM811 material, where surface instability is even more pronounced due to higher surface instabilities and parasitic reactions with electrolyte. The Al₂O₃ coating stabilizes the cathode–electrolyte interface, mitigates structural degradation, and reduces parasitic reactions.
Due to its simplicity and use of relatively abundant and non-toxic materials, this approach demonstrates a promising strategy for long service-life, high-energy NCM-based batteries, and is readily compatible with complementary approaches such as doping and microstructural engineering.
The support of the M-Era.net project “Inert Coatings for Prevention of Ageing of NMC Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries” (InCoatBat), Project Reference Number 10341 is acknowledged.
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