Scalable and Sustainable Ambient Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Modules via Green Solvent Engineering and Advanced Crystallization Control

Yu-Ching Huang^a^,^b, Shih-Han Huang^b, Chia-Feng Li^b^,^c, Ming-Chia Chang^a, Hou-Chin Cha^b^,^d, Yu-Hung Hsiao^b^,^c

^aDepartment of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.

^bOrganic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.

^cDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.

^dCollege of Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.

Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2026 Conference (MATSUSSpring26)

A6 Future of Metal Halide Perovskites: Fundamental Approaches and Technological Challenges

Barcelona, Spain, 2026 March 23rd - 27th

Organizers: Annalisa Bruno, Sofia Masi and Pablo P. Boix

Poster, Yu-Ching Huang, 851
Publication date: 15th December 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are widely recognized as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies owing to their continuously tunable bandgaps, high power conversion efficiencies (PCE), and compatibility with scalable solution-based fabrication processes. Among the various fabrication approaches, solution printing has emerged as a particularly attractive strategy for achieving large-area, low-cost, and high-throughput production of PSCs. While perovskite fabrication typically relies on toxic solvents and nitrogen-controlled environments, industrial scalability and cost-efficiency necessitate a transition toward non-toxic solvents and ambient air processing. Overcoming these challenges is therefore critical for the practical commercialization of PSC technologies. In this work, we address these limitations by developing large-area PSCs through systematic regulation of crystallization dynamics via solvent engineering and process optimization in air. A non-toxic perovskite precursor system is introduced to replace conventional toxic solvents, enabling environmentally benign fabrication under ambient air conditions. Large-area perovskite films are deposited using a slot-die coating technique, which ensures uniform film formation over extended areas while preserving favorable optoelectronic properties. By precisely tuning the solvent evaporation rate and phase transition processes, the crystallization pathway of the perovskite films is effectively controlled. This controlled crystallization results in reduced defect densities, enhanced grain uniformity, and suppressed non-radiative recombination. This work highlights the critical role of crystallization kinetics control in enabling high-performance large-area PSCs and provides a viable strategy for replacing toxic solvents with non-toxic solvent alternatives. The integrated approach combining non-toxic precursor chemistry, slot-die coating, and precise phase-transition control provides a scalable and industry-relevant pathway toward the commercialization of perovskite solar technologies.

Acknowledgements:

Financial supports provided by the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (Grant Nos. NSTC 112-2628-E-131-001-MY4, NSTC 114-2222-E-131-002, NSTC 114-2622-E-131-007, NSTC 114-2622-E-131-015, and NSTC 114-2221-E-131-012-MY3) are highly appreciated.

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