Publication date: 15th December 2025
Tin-lead perovskite solar cells (TLPSC) have emerged as critical narrow-bandgap absorbers for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Despite competitive efficiencies, their limited operational stability under illumination, temperature, and bias remains a significant commercialisation barrier. This talk presents insights from investigating three critical factors governing TLPSC stability: A-site composition, ion migration, and alkylammonium chloride additives.
In the first part of this talk, we show that A-site cation composition dominates the photostability at short timescales. In particular, we found that methylammonium (MA) inclusion enhances efficiency but compromises device lifetime within hours. In contrast, MA-free compositions, such as cesium-formamidinium (CsFA), achieve a superior photostability. In the second part, we reveal the fundamental coupling between Sn vacancies, hole carrier density, and ionic transport in Sn-based perovskites. We demonstrate that systems with a high density of Sn vacancies and high hole densities lead reduces the iodide migration barriers from 0.38 eV to 0.12 eV. This results in an enhanced mobile ion density and ionic conductivity that ultimately compromises the bias stability of devices. Finally, in the last part we investigate the role of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) in the crystallisation of tin-lead perovskites. Specifically, we consider how the alkylammonium chain length effectively regulates additive volatility. Compared to methylammonium chloride (MACl), we found that pentylammoinum chloride (PentACl) enables films with enhanced crystallinity, larger grain size, and improved film photostability. As a result, PentACl-based TLPSCs achieve power conversion efficiencies of 20.7% while extending the operational T80 from 20 h to 150 h under ISOS-L1 conditions.
These findings establish composition engineering, Sn vacancy management, and strategic additive incorporation as interconnected pathways toward operationally stable TLPSC.
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