Synthesis and Polymerization of n-Doped Poly(benzodifurandione) for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Neuromorphic Computing

David Franco^a, Ignacio Sanjuán^a, Qun-Gao Chen^b, Chu-Chen Chueh^c, Wen-Ya Lee^b, Antonio Guerrero^a

^aInstitute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain

^bDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan

^cDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Proceedings of MATSUS Spring 2026 Conference (MATSUSSpring26)

B3 Chemical and Electrochemical Doping of Organic Semiconductors

Barcelona, Spain, 2026 March 23rd - 27th

Organizers: Mariano Campoy Quiles and Christian Müller

Poster, David Franco, 910
Publication date: 15th December 2025

In this study, we examine the polymerization of n-doped poly[benzodifurandione] (nPBDF), a material recently recognized for its outstanding electronic performance and exceptional stability under ambient air conditions, and demonstrate its suitability for the fabrication of high-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for neuromorphic applications using protons as the primary mobile ions. The resulting nPBDF-based OECTs operate reliably in a NaPF₆ electrolyte, exhibiting stable behavior and the ability to function in both accumulation and depletion modes. These devices display resistive switching and synaptic plasticity driven by H⁺ ions from the electrolyte, as well as well-defined long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) characteristics at low gate voltages (0.8 V) and short pulse durations (50–500 ms). Their applicability to neuromorphic computing is further validated through simulations employing a deep neural network (DNN) model for handwritten digit recognition under varying levels of Gaussian noise, highlighting the potential of nPBDF-based OECTs for future (bio)electronic circuits, including biosensing and neuromorphic computing systems.

References:

[1] Tang, H.; Liang, Y.; Liu, C.; et al. A Solution-Processed n-Type Conducting Polymer with Ultrahigh Conductivity. Nature 2022, 611, 271.

[2] Ke, Z.; Abtahi, A.; Hwang, J.; et al. Highly Conductive and Solution-Processable n-Doped Transparent Organic Conductor J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 3706−3715.

[3] Sanjuán, I.; Franco, D.; Chen, Q.; Chueh, C.; Lee, W. And Guerrero, A. Proton Migration-Modulated n-Doped Poly(benzodifurandione) Organic Electrochemical Transistors Used for Neuromorphic Computing Applications. ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10, 5209−5217.

[4] Zhang, H.; Rivera-Sierra, G.; Siahjani-Gultekin, S.; Rubio-Magnieto, J.; Allagui, A.; Sanjuán, I.; Franco, D.; Guerrero, A.; H. Balaguera, E. and Bisquert, J. Transient Charging of Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors byAnomalous Diffusion. Adv. Mater. 2025, e07739.

Acknowledgements:

The authors are thankful for Grant No. PID2022-141850OBC21, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU. C.-C.C.

nanoGe is a prestigious brand of successful science conferences that are developed along the year in different areas of the world since 2009. Our worldwide conferences cover cutting-edge materials topics like perovskite solar cells, photovoltaics, optoelectronics, solar fuel conversion, surface science, catalysis and two-dimensional materials, among many others.

MATSUS

Previously nanoGe Spring Meeting (NSM) and nanoGe Fall Meeting (NFM), MATSUS is a multiple symposia conference focused on a broad set of topics of advanced materials preparation, their fundamental properties, and their applications, in fields such as renewable energy, photovoltaics, lighting, semiconductor quantum dots, 2-D materials synthesis, charge carriers dynamics, microscopy and spectroscopy semiconductors fundamentals, etc.

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV) is celebrated yearly in May. The main topics are the development, function and modeling of materials and devices for hybrid and organic solar cells. The field is now dominated by perovskite solar cells but also other hybrid technologies, as organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells and their integration into devices for photoelectrochemical solar fuel production.

Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics

The main topics of the Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP) are discussed every year in Asia-Pacific for gathering the recent advances in the fields of material preparation, modeling and fabrication of perovskite and hybrid and organic materials. Photovoltaic devices are analyzed from fundamental physics and materials properties to a broad set of applications. The conference also covers the developments of perovskite optoelectronics, including light-emitting diodes, lasers, optical devices, nanophotonics, nonlinear optical properties, colloidal nanostructures, photophysics and light-matter coupling.

International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics Perovskite Photonics and Optoelectronics

The International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics Perovskite Photonics and Optoelectronics (NIPHO) is the best place to hear the latest developments in perovskite solar cells as well as on recent advances in the fields of perovskite light-emitting diodes, lasers, optical devices, nanophotonics, nonlinear optical properties, colloidal nanostructures, photophysics and light-matter coupling.