Publication date: 15th December 2025
Perovskite solar cell efficiency (PCE) has been increased significantly in very few years as compared to any other photovoltaic (PV) technology. At present, a PCE > 26% has been reported for a single-junction perovskite solar cell (PSC), thus matching the record of crystalline silicon PV.
Perovskites are well-suited for semi-transparent solar cells (ST-PSCs), enabling their integration into building structures and applications in agrivoltaics, tandem solar cells, and flexible photovoltaics. [1-3] Moreover, inverted PSCs in (p-i-n) architecture, with their low-temperature processability, offer better compatibility with flexible structures compared to conventional ones.
Driven by the goal of fabricating efficient semi-transparent flexible perovskite solar cells with semi-transparent contacts, and noting that semi-transparent PSCs of inverted are less represented in the literature, [4] we are currently focusing on the optimization of common layers for introducing further the best semitransparent contact.
Furthermore, since N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and chlorobenzene (CB), respectively the most used perovskite solvent and antisolvent, are known to have negative environmental and health impacts, we decide to process our perovskite in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a safer alternative to DMF, and use anisole (ANI) as antisolvent, a potential green antisolvent that can replace CB since their properties are very similar. [5,6]
Here we show preliminary results about DMF-free cesium-formamidinium lead iodide-bromide-based inverted PSCs. We successfully obtained semi-transparent high-quality perovskite thin films by using a molecular hole-transporter, (2-(4-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid (PTZ-CPA), whose amphiphilic nature improves the wettability and the film deposition, crystallization and morphology of the low thickness perovskite layer [7], as observed by transmittance, XRD and SEM measurements.
We are now focusing on optimizing this structure to further improve its efficiency, flexibility and transparency, towards the incorporation of a semi-transparent contact.
This work is partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government by the project ConFlex - PID2023-151880OB-C33; co-founded by the European Union.
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